农业生物育种技术的发展历程及产业化对策

doi:10.19586/j.2095-2341.2021.0096

生物技术进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (4): 405-417.DOI: 10.19586/j.2095-2341.2021.0096

• 前沿新技术 • 下一篇

农业生物育种技术的发展历程及产业化对策

林敏()

中国农业科学院生物技术研究所，农业农村部农业基因组学重点实验室，北京 100081

收稿日期:2021-05-31 接受日期:2021-06-16 出版日期:2021-07-25 发布日期:2021-08-02
作者简介:林敏 E-mail:linmin@caas.cn
基金资助:
国家科技重大专项项目(2019ZX08010-002);国家自然科学基金项目(31930004);中国农业科学院科技创新工程重大科研任务(CAAS- ZDRW202009);《国家生物技术发展战略纲要》编制研究项目

The Development Course and Industrialization Countermeasure of Agricultural Biological Breeding Technology

Min LIN()

Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，Biotechnology Research Institute，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Beijing 100081，China

Received:2021-05-31 Accepted:2021-06-16 Online:2021-07-25 Published:2021-08-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

伴随千百年来自然物种进化与人类科技进步，世界农业育种经历了原始育种、传统育种和分子育种三个时代的跨越。生物育种是生物技术育种的简称，属于从转基因育种3.0版跨入智能设计育种4.0版、集各种前沿技术大成的新一代分子育种技术，其中最具代表性的包括培育革命性和颠覆性新品种的全基因组选择、基因编辑和合成生物技术。回顾了国内外农业转基因和生物育种技术的发展历程，分析了我国生物育种面临的严峻挑战，提出了加快我国生物育种技术创新的产业化对策。

关键词: 生物育种, 转基因育种, 全基因选择育种, 基因编辑, 合成生物技术, 产业化对策

Abstract:

With the evolution of natural species and the progress of agricultural science and technology over the past thousands of years， the world’s agricultural breeding has experienced three epochal leaps from primitive breeding to traditional breeding， and then to molecular breeding. Biological breeding is the abbreviation of “biotechnology breeding”， and belongs to a new generation of molecular breeding technology that integrates all kinds of cutting?edge technologies from transgenic breeding 3.0 to intelligent design breeding 4.0. Among them， the most representative technologies include genome?wide selection， genomic editing and synthetic biotechnology for breeding revolutionary and disruptive agricultural new varieties. This paper systematically reviewed the development course of agricultural transgenic breeding and biotechnology breeding at home and abroad， analyzed the severe challenges faced by China’s biological breeding， and put forward the countermeasures to accelerate the innovation and industrialization of biological breeding in China.

Key words: biological breeding, transgenic breeding, genome?wide selection breeding, genomic editing, synthetic biotechnology, industrialization strategy

中图分类号:

林敏. 农业生物育种技术的发展历程及产业化对策[J]. 生物技术进展, 2021, 11(4): 405-417.

Min LIN. The Development Course and Industrialization Countermeasure of Agricultural Biological Breeding Technology[J]. Current Biotechnology, 2021, 11(4): 405-417.

图/表 3

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技术途径	作用机制	相关产品
植物基因工程	减少农药使用和碳排放；免耕增加土壤碳储量；高效利用土地和水资源	抗除草剂、抗虫和耐旱节水等转基因作物
人工高效固碳途径	直接利用二氧化碳合成生物大分子；大幅度增强光合效率；增加碳汇	单细胞固碳；C₄水稻；人工叶片等
人工高效固氮途径	克服铵抑制、氧失活等天然固氮体系缺陷；节能节肥；减少碳排放	固氮微生物肥料；人工结瘤固氮粮食作物；自主固氮真核生物
生物质转化工程	将生物质转化为生物炭（biochar）并应用于土壤改良；增加土壤碳储量；生物质饲料化或肥料化	生物炭；生物饲料；生物肥料
动物基因工程	抗重大畜禽疫病；节省饲料；减少药物使用和碳排放	节粮高产抗病养殖动物；抗生素替代产品
农业细胞工厂	节能；高附加值；减少用水量、土地需求和碳排放	人造肉汉堡、人造奶冰淇淋等未来合成食品

技术途径	作用机制	相关产品
植物基因工程	减少农药使用和碳排放；免耕增加土壤碳储量；高效利用土地和水资源	抗除草剂、抗虫和耐旱节水等转基因作物
人工高效固碳途径	直接利用二氧化碳合成生物大分子；大幅度增强光合效率；增加碳汇	单细胞固碳；C₄水稻；人工叶片等
人工高效固氮途径	克服铵抑制、氧失活等天然固氮体系缺陷；节能节肥；减少碳排放	固氮微生物肥料；人工结瘤固氮粮食作物；自主固氮真核生物
生物质转化工程	将生物质转化为生物炭（biochar）并应用于土壤改良；增加土壤碳储量；生物质饲料化或肥料化	生物炭；生物饲料；生物肥料
动物基因工程	抗重大畜禽疫病；节省饲料；减少药物使用和碳排放	节粮高产抗病养殖动物；抗生素替代产品
农业细胞工厂	节能；高附加值；减少用水量、土地需求和碳排放	人造肉汉堡、人造奶冰淇淋等未来合成食品

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农业生物育种技术的发展历程及产业化对策

The Development Course and Industrialization Countermeasure of Agricultural Biological Breeding Technology

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