微生物胞外多糖的来源、生物合成及功能研究进展

doi:10.19586/j.2095-2341.2023.0172

生物技术进展 ›› 2024, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (3): 368-376.DOI: 10.19586/j.2095-2341.2023.0172

• 进展评述 • 上一篇

微生物胞外多糖的来源、生物合成及功能研究进展

徐畅(), 刘天一, 刘文佳, 张俐敏, 莫继先()

齐齐哈尔大学生命科学与农林学院，黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006

收稿日期:2023-12-25 接受日期:2024-02-05 出版日期:2024-05-25 发布日期:2024-06-18
通讯作者: 莫继先
作者简介:徐畅 E-mail：m894981039@163.com。
基金资助:
黑龙江省省属高等学校基本科研业务费科研项目(135409420);黑龙江省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202310232017)

Research Progress in Source, Biosynthesis and Function of Microbial Exopolysaccharides

Chang XU(), Tianyi LIU, Wenjia LIU, Limin ZHANG, Jixian MO()

College of Life Science and Agriculture and Forestry，Qiqihar University，Heilongjiang Qiqihar 161006，China

Received:2023-12-25 Accepted:2024-02-05 Online:2024-05-25 Published:2024-06-18
Contact: Jixian MO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

胞外多糖是由微生物合成的一种功能多样的聚糖化合物。近年来研究发现，胞外多糖具有吸附性、亲水性、粘结性及免疫活性等特性，在多学科研究中受到广泛关注。目前胞外多糖的生产和提纯过程存在成本高、收率低等问题，阻碍了其规模化生产和商业应用。系统介绍了胞外多糖的微生物来源、生物学特征和生理功能，重点阐述了几种具有工业应用潜力的胞外多糖的生物合成机制，列举了胞外多糖最新的应用方向，并对胞外多糖的生物合成机制以及胞外多糖的规模化生产和多领域应用进行了展望。希望为进一步开发利用胞外多糖产生菌的菌种资源、深入研究微生物胞外多糖功能和活性机制以及发酵生产过程、以及对胞外多糖在多学科和多领域的广泛应用的优化提供参考。

关键词: 胞外多糖, 微生物, 结构特性, 合成途径

Abstract:

Exopolysaccharides are multifunctional glycan compounds synthesized by microorganisms. In recent years， it has been found that exopolysaccharides have the functions of adsorption， hydrophilicity， cohesiveness and immune activity， which have attracted extensive attention in the field of multidisciplinary researches. At present， the production and purification process of exopolysaccharides has several problems， such as high cost and low yield， which limit the large-scale production and commercial application. In this review， the microbial sources， biological characteristics and physiological functions of exopolysaccharides were systematically introduced， the biosynthetic mechanisms of several exopolysaccharides with industrial application potentials were emphatically summarized， and the latest application directions of exopolysaccharides were listed. Moreover， the biosynthetic mechanisms， the large-scale production， and multi-field application of exopolysaccharides were prospected. Therefore， this review was expected to provide a reference for the further development and utilization， in-depth study of the function and activity mechanism， and the optimization of fermentation production process of microbial exopolysaccharides， and the extensive application in multiple disciplines and fields.

Key words: exopolysaccharides, microorganism, structural characteristic, synthetic pathway

中图分类号:

Q936

徐畅, 刘天一, 刘文佳, 张俐敏, 莫继先. 微生物胞外多糖的来源、生物合成及功能研究进展[J]. 生物技术进展, 2024, 14(3): 368-376.

Chang XU, Tianyi LIU, Wenjia LIU, Limin ZHANG, Jixian MO. Research Progress in Source, Biosynthesis and Function of Microbial Exopolysaccharides[J]. Current Biotechnology, 2024, 14(3): 368-376.

图/表 5

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EPS种类	分子式	结构特征	微生物菌株	参考文献
右旋糖酐	C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆	D⁃葡萄呋喃糖以α⁃1，6和少量α⁃1，3糖苷键链接	Weissella confusa	[15]
凝结多糖	(C₆H₁₀O₅) _n	D⁃葡萄糖残基经β⁃葡萄糖苷键形成的直链β⁃1，3葡聚糖	Agrobacterium sp.	[16⁃17]
黄原胶	C₃₃H₄₉O₂₉	β⁃1，4键连接的葡糖基主链与三糖单位的侧链组成	Xanthomonas campestris	[18⁃19]
纤维素	(C₆H₁₀O₅) _n	D⁃吡喃葡萄糖单体以β⁃1，4糖苷键聚合	Enterobacter sp.	[20⁃21]
藻酸盐	(NaC₆H₇O₆) _n	β⁃D⁃甘露糖醛酸和α⁃L⁃古洛糖通过α⁃1，4糖苷键链接	Azotobacter vinelandii	[22⁃23]
果聚糖	C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆	β⁃2，6糖苷键的果糖聚合物	Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis	[24⁃25]
结冷胶	C₁₃H₇F₂N	2个葡萄糖残基，1个葡萄糖醛酸残基和1个鼠李糖残基组成	Sphingomonas paucimobilis	[26⁃27]

EPS种类	分子式	结构特征	微生物菌株	参考文献
右旋糖酐	C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆	D⁃葡萄呋喃糖以α⁃1，6和少量α⁃1，3糖苷键链接	Weissella confusa	[15]
凝结多糖	(C₆H₁₀O₅) _n	D⁃葡萄糖残基经β⁃葡萄糖苷键形成的直链β⁃1，3葡聚糖	Agrobacterium sp.	[16⁃17]
黄原胶	C₃₃H₄₉O₂₉	β⁃1，4键连接的葡糖基主链与三糖单位的侧链组成	Xanthomonas campestris	[18⁃19]
纤维素	(C₆H₁₀O₅) _n	D⁃吡喃葡萄糖单体以β⁃1，4糖苷键聚合	Enterobacter sp.	[20⁃21]
藻酸盐	(NaC₆H₇O₆) _n	β⁃D⁃甘露糖醛酸和α⁃L⁃古洛糖通过α⁃1，4糖苷键链接	Azotobacter vinelandii	[22⁃23]
果聚糖	C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆	β⁃2，6糖苷键的果糖聚合物	Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis	[24⁃25]
结冷胶	C₁₃H₇F₂N	2个葡萄糖残基，1个葡萄糖醛酸残基和1个鼠李糖残基组成	Sphingomonas paucimobilis	[26⁃27]

EPS种类	分子式	结构特征	微生物菌株	参考文献
硬葡聚糖	(C₂₄H₄₀O₂₀) _n	由β⁃1，3和β⁃1，6键连接	Sclerotium rolfsii	[30⁃31]
β⁃葡聚糖	(C₆H₁₀O₅) _n	葡萄糖经β⁃1，6糖苷键聚合	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	[32]
裂褶多糖	C₂₄H₄₂O₂₁	D⁃吡喃葡萄糖经β⁃1，3糖苷键聚合，每3个糖单元中含有1个支链	Schizophyllum commune	[33]
普鲁兰多糖	(C₃₇H₆₂O₃₀) _n	D⁃吡喃葡萄糖单体以β⁃1，4糖苷键聚合	Aureobasidium pullulans	[34⁃35]
半乳聚糖	C₂₀H₃₆O₁₆	D⁃半乳糖经过α⁃1，6、β⁃1，4和β⁃1，2，3等3种糖苷键聚合而成	Cantharellus cibarius Fr.	[36]

EPS种类	分子式	结构特征	微生物菌株	参考文献
硬葡聚糖	(C₂₄H₄₀O₂₀) _n	由β⁃1，3和β⁃1，6键连接	Sclerotium rolfsii	[30⁃31]
β⁃葡聚糖	(C₆H₁₀O₅) _n	葡萄糖经β⁃1，6糖苷键聚合	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	[32]
裂褶多糖	C₂₄H₄₂O₂₁	D⁃吡喃葡萄糖经β⁃1，3糖苷键聚合，每3个糖单元中含有1个支链	Schizophyllum commune	[33]
普鲁兰多糖	(C₃₇H₆₂O₃₀) _n	D⁃吡喃葡萄糖单体以β⁃1，4糖苷键聚合	Aureobasidium pullulans	[34⁃35]
半乳聚糖	C₂₀H₃₆O₁₆	D⁃半乳糖经过α⁃1，6、β⁃1，4和β⁃1，2，3等3种糖苷键聚合而成	Cantharellus cibarius Fr.	[36]

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微生物胞外多糖的来源、生物合成及功能研究进展

Research Progress in Source, Biosynthesis and Function of Microbial Exopolysaccharides

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